Rhodamine 123 is a fluorescent dye (λex=503 nm, λem=527 nm). The intensity of R123 fluorescence has a peak at concentration of 50 μM, and decreases to zero at higher concentrations due to self-quenching.

Oleuropein is an antioxidant polyphenol isolated from olive leaf.

TRi-1 is irreversible inhibitor of?cytosolic thioredoxin reductase 1 (TXNRD1) with an?IC50?of 12 nM. TRi-1 has little mitochondrial toxicity for anticancer therapy.